Sweeteners Essay Example For Students

Sweeteners Essay SweetenersSaccharin is an organic petroleum-based compound that is three to fivehundred times sweeter than sucrose. It is non-nutritive because the humanbody is unable to metabolize the foreign chemical. Saccharin does notcontribute calories; for this reason it is commonly used in diet foods. The obese feel that saccharin is their lifeline to slimdom, anddiabetics claim it is essential to control their blood sugar (Brody482). The same people who consume saccharin certainly would not knowinglyeat something that is classified as toxic waste; however, they do it on adaily basis. Saccharins alias is EPA Hazardous Waste number U202. Infact, workers who handle saccharin are cautioned, EXERCISE DUE CARE. AVOID CONTACT WITH EYES, SKIN, CLOTHING. WASH THOROUGHLY AFTER HANDLING. IF SWALLOWED, IF CONCIOUS, IMMEDIATELY INDUCE VOMITING (MSDS). We will write a custom essay on Sweeteners specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Saccharin has always been surrounded by controversy. As early as 1907,the public was concerned over its safety and proposed banning it. Theodore Roosevelt, a diabetic, fought the idea. He said, My doctorgives it to me every dayAnybody who says saccharin is injurious tohealth is an idiot(Corcoran 12). Saccharin survived the onslaught foranother forty years. It wasnt until the bittersweet chemical hit themainstream consumer market in such things as diet sodas, pharmaceuticals,and chewing gum that it came under fire again. Scientists suggested thatsaccharin might be a carcinogen in 1951. In 1958, however, saccharin wasadded to the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list, another paradox. In 1972, the results of a long-term study showed that rats fed saccharinhad developed bladder tumors. Subsequently, the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) removed saccharin from GRAS status and issued aregulation limiting the use of saccharin in foods. Then in 1974, aNational Academy of Science review f ound that, Saccharin itself could notbe identified as the cause of the tumors because of possible impurities aswell as problems with experimental design and procedures (Kennedy 131). Therefore, the FDA decided not to ban saccharin until they received theresults of a study being conducted in Canada. In March 1977, the Canadian study showed that feeding large doses ofsaccharin to pregnant rats and their weanlings produced bladder cancers inthe male offspring. The Canadians immediately banned saccharin. When theFDA announced its intentions to follow suit, public outcry led to aCongressionally voted eighteen-month moratorium. The American peoplewanted more time to evaluate the results of the study. Shortlythereafter, Congress enacted the Saccharin Study and Labeling Act, whichstayed the FDAs hand temporarily and ordered a warning label on allsaccharin products: Use of this product may be hazardous to your health. This product contains saccharin which has been determined to cause cancerin laboratory animals (Brody 482-483). Nonetheless, the moratorium hascontinually been extended until the present day. During 1978 and 1979, the National Cancer Institute and FDA conducted apopulation-based study on the possible role of saccharin in causingbladder cancer in humans. In general, people in the study who used anartificial sweetener had no greater risk of bladder cancer than thepopulation as a whole. However, when only the data for heavy users wasexamined, there was some suggestive evidence of an increased risk,particularly in persons who consumed both diet drinks and sugarsubstitutes and who used at least one of these two forms heavily(Carcinogenicity). In the study, heavy use was defined as merely six ormore servings of sugar substitute or two or more 8-ounce servings of dietdrink daily. Consequently, several studies have found that people withbladder cancer were more likely to have eaten food that containedsaccharin than were people who didnt have bladder cancer. The NationalCancer Institute compared the diets of 5,800 similar people who weredisease-free to the diets of 3,000 men and w omen with bladder cancer. Those who reported consuming high levels of saccharin on a daily basiswere found to be at a higher risk for association to poorly differentiatedbladder tumors (Corcoran 13). .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 , .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .postImageUrl , .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 , .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3:hover , .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3:visited , .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3:active { border:0!important; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3:active , .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3 .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ued3594c9a54c9d3d867a917264d918f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chemicals Analysis EssaySaccharine is the most widely used sugar substitute in the world, and yetwe still do not fully understand its effects on the human body. Drinkingone can of diet soda per day can increase the risk of bladder cancer bysixty percent (Goulhart). The fact that it has never been conclusivelyproven to cause cancer in humans does not make saccharin safe. A dollarsworth of saccharin will do the sweetening of twenty dollars worth ofsugar; for this reason, the FDA will not decisively ban the chemicalsweetener. They are waiting for the results of

Why Almost Everything Youve Learned About Self in Contradiction Essay 2-3 Pages Samples Is Wrong and What You Should Know

Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Self in Contradiction Essay 2-3 Pages Samples Is Wrong and What You Should Know What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Self in Contradiction Essay 2-3 Pages Samples It's given as a frequent school assignment and a crucial part in an examination collection. Self introduction actually is a very challenging job. I can create a sense of family and safety and safety. It's a natural reply or reaction towards a person. What is Really Going on with Self in Contradiction Essay 2-3 Pages Samples Nevertheless, whenever you have a self-signed certificate, the certificate is emitted by your organization or your own. When an individual cannot respect himself, he cannot respect any other individual. Needless to say, mental health is a personal duty of somebody, but it's also vital for any enterprise. The reason the packages have a certificate and you ought to assure that it's valid is to protect against the man-in-the-middle attack. Self in Contradiction Essay 2-3 Pages Samples - Dead or Alive? To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you should be in a position to hit the question and give a straightforward answer while at the very same time observing the proper structure of an essay. Regardless of what's the aim of your essay, there's a preset number of points you will be expected to deal with. The simplest way to figure out the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. There's no ideal solution on the best way to compose an effective essay. Essay writing is often practiced is schools. It is a hard process in essay writing when you don't have a structure to follow. This is the reason why, writing an autobiography for kids can be quite tricky. Becoming consistent has consistently been my greatest challenge in writing. If society's aim is to support and encourage marriage, then naturally it shouldn't conduct whatever would only harm marriage all around. The issue appears to be hidden in the historical publications but given the cruelty of a number of the conventional societies like the Romans and the Greece, the real happenings are not simple to interpret. In today's world, psychological support plays an important part in successful socialization and vital activity of individuals. This nature of seasonal cycles isn't a location for progress so far as human destiny is concerned. Some claim it will undermine the notion that marriage exists for having and raising children. With a little child within her hands, Hest er does not have any opportunity to escape Puritan condemnation. The Argument About Self in Contradiction Essay 2-3 Pages Samples Help your young readers imagine what you're describing. By way of example, in conclusion, the writer is left in a dilemma depending on the simple fact that her feministic individualism currently receives rejection by nearly all the feminist theories. Here the writer discusses the significance of the evidence which he has presented. Our expert writers will be able to help you select a character which you'll be able to write on. At the beginning of the journal, there's an agreement that you make with yourself, not only setting your goals for the subsequent 13 weeks but in addition identifying why you wish to attain this goal, naming the particular actions you will need to take every day, and promising yourself a reward if you meet your objective. Now imagine all that on top of the way in which a whole country feels toward you. Try out simple goals initially, where success is expected, 1 goal at one time. This step can be deemed among the most significant actions in writing. The true self can be viewed by other people, but because we don't have any way of truly knowing how others view us, the true self is our self-image. Self contradictory is something which contradicts its own self. Self respect is an indispensable component for the prosperity of any person. As a kid, one's very first awareness of self comes about at a youthful age. To make respect is a topic of individualistic integrity and rational behaviour. Self and Others The way in which people view themselves has been proven to become an important predictor of their behavior, achievement, and physical and mental well-being. Someone works to safeguard and preserve his self respect. Someone with low self respect may function as a timid. The paper will attempt to substantiate the facts from the theories and ultimately offer a suitable comprehension of the problem. This research paper seeks to analyze the studies which were carried out on this issue by different researchers. The research comprises of qualitative in addition to quantitative research. Several studies are carried out on this issue. The Fundamentals of Self in Contradiction Essay 2-3 Pages Samples Revealed It is necessary for a psychologist to possess not simply intellectual characteristics and of a proper level, knowledge, and skills, but in addition high moral attributes. There's no demand for false imaging to get social acceptance. Hence this research is a mix of quantitative and qualitative techniques (secondary analysis of information and statistical survey) and these two methods will be utilized to discover the answer of the research question. At length, regardless of the lack of universal approaches, many practices permit psychoanalysts to execute their work qualitatively and at the very same time enhance the efficiency of the company processes of any corporation.

Good Personal Essay Topics For College Writing

Good Personal Essay Topics For College WritingWhen it comes to personal essays, good topics are often overlooked. Some students may think they are not creative enough to write an essay on a subject of their choice, but this is actually not the case.However, not having a good topic may leave you with plenty of problems on your hands. For one thing, the term 'personal essay' does not necessarily refer to the same thing as writing one for your college papers. Although these papers are often written for a particular person, the term 'personal essay' means many different things.The concept of a personal essay in this sense is far broader than what most people expect. What may be viewed as a typical essay for college writing may actually be anything from a diary, a report, a work of art, or even a letter of recommendation. The term 'personal essay' can refer to just about anything that is written about a specific person and to the writer, the subject matter is the primary factor that shoul d be taken into consideration.For some students, the only thing they will consider when deciding what to write about in a personal essay is the person or people that they are writing about. While this is an excellent method, it has its drawbacks. One of these drawbacks is that the topics that are chosen may be too broad. A good topic that relates directly to the person's life is what is needed in order to make the piece truly stand out and to be truly successful.There are other factors that need to be considered in order to determine what a good topic should be. For one thing, the topic should be highly personal. This can help keep it on the more personal side and away from awkward topics that might not be so appealing to the reader. If the topic is too personal, the author could lose a reader who finds the topic offensive.In addition, there is another factor that needs to be taken into consideration when determining whether or not a topic is a strong topic for writing an essay on. Many people may look at the topic and immediately assume that the author is not that well versed in the topic. Therefore, the writer should be prepared for this.A great way to help the reader get into the idea that they should consider reading the personal essay is to know something about the topic that can help the reader relate to the personal essay. For example, a person interested in computers may want to know why the topic was important to the author of the essay. A health care professional, on the other hand, would not want to read an essay that talks about their work directly, so a story is usually the best way to go.In order to ensure that the topic is done well, the student should consider the purpose of the essay as well as the information that he or she is writing about. A good topic for a personal essay does not have to be related directly to the person. It can also include topics that the writer thinks would be of interest to the readers.

Secrets About The Most Important Things to Consider in Essay Writing Revealed

Secrets About The Most Important Things to Consider in Essay Writing Revealed Top Most Important Things to Consider in Essay Writing Choices It's very good to be diverse in your writing and including a range of things, but it's far better to bring the most crucial things first and then continuing to the less important stuff. The question is do you believe the most essential things are free or do you feel the most crucial things aren't free and has to be bought. While writing, in addition, there are two or three important things to remember. The reality is that it's a difficult subject. There are many things to think about before you sit down to compose a book. One of the absolute most important things is you should always specify your ideas chronologically to enable the readers keep tabs on the causality relationship. To reword my paper precisely you will discover a few important things you will need to comprehend. If you become stuck when writing one genre, try out an exercise in another genre to determine whether that can enable you to move forward. In the event you will need any changes in your paper after it's completed you can ask for free revision. To reword my paper precisely there are a few fundamental things you want to realize. Whenever you must compose an interview paper, follow the fundamental formatting requirements. When writing any research paper, developing a thesis statement is critical. Analysis paper may be taken from the business! Letter writing is a sort of communication. Report writing is the consequence of all of the research work which you've undertaken. The the Most Important Things to Consider in Essay Writing Stories At our business, you'll receive essay that's freelance solutions which are custom made for your requirements and requirement. Therefore, as a digital marketer, there are many digital advertising and marketing questions that you want to answer as a way to be prosperous. The Most Important Things to Consider in Essay Writing and the Most Important Things to Consider in Essay Writing - The Perfect Combination You compose every thing which you are preparing to within the essay that's last observe how numerous crossings you'll be making. After everything is sorted, now is the time for the last step that's the writing down of the dissertation. The procedure is always individual. Therefore, the procedure for writing will grow to be much sim pler. Perfect essay is the secret to your success and at the exact same time a specific step to overcome on the best way to your future career! Jotting down of the thoughts, thoughts and concepts on a paper is extremely essential as it assists in the correct planning of the procedures and steps that should be followed step by step. Life After the Most Important Things to Consider in Essay Writing The ideal writing carries a number of the nature and individuality of its author. Our writers will make certain you are totally pleased with the last edition. One of the greatest things you can do to enhance your writing is create an outline. Among the other only tactics to boost your writing is to share it. You don't need to compose the essay, organize your ideas and proofread the last essay. The light essay should consist of significant. Our writing essay create your son or daughter is merely a narrative essay author but they are not just considerable college. Generally speaking, writi ng a reflective essay doesn't differ from any other kind of paper. To begin with, you ought to know the difference between persuasive and argumentative essay. Even if you're taught how to compose the reflective essay, you might not be in a position to get a relevant and intriguing topic. The topic must be convincing enough to enable the reader to receive persuaded about the trustworthy information narrated in the essay. Include a couple of references to demonstrate that you made a suitable research about your topic of the essay. It's quite possible an illustration essay might help you. An overall view of the essay is mentioned in the introduction. Some sketch of background information regarding the topic is provided in the essay introduction.

Writing Sample Essays

Writing Sample EssaysSample essays, essays to rewrite, essays to complete, new year party and the story of a poem and some other samples are given in order to give you an idea on how to write a sample essay. The following article will try to provide some points about how to write a sample essay that is useful for students who are doing their high school writing and also for those who are writing their college papers or their senior thesis.As the age of writing has increased, so has the importance of quality essays that can be submitted to any institution, whether it is school college or a professional organization. No matter how good an essay is, if it does not have the right structure, it may lose the judges' attention and the judges will consider that a waste of time. Let us take a look at some tips that will help you improve your essay writing.Firstly, always remember that a sample essay is not a standardized essay. It is only meant to introduce the reader to the contents of the e ssay and to give you an idea of what is expected from you. It is not meant to be an exact copy of a well written piece that was previously published by someone else. Your essay should be unique and different.Secondly, ensure that the essay is composed in a basic format, but it is up to you to decide whether you want to include lots of information or not. Make sure that all the information is present in the beginning of the essay, then move on to the intermediate and the end of the essay.Thirdly, make sure that you have all the information ready at hand that will enhance the essay and make it better. You should know the subject that you are writing about and if possible, do some research on it.Fourthly, make sure that you know the purpose of the essay and make sure that the use of collocations is avoided. Use the word 'but' instead of 'and' or you can use 'or' instead of 'and'.Fifthly, always put in as much as you can into the introduction of the essay and the conclusion. An introduc tion should include the opening words, followed by the subject, followed by the main theme, followed by the introduction of the writer and finally, the conclusion. In the conclusion, you should let the reader know the end date and the reason for it and then you should close the essay.Finally, you need to try your best to compose a sample essay, even if it is just for fun. Always keep in mind that writing is a creative activity and if you can get the point across without using any poor grammar, you can always try and improve on it later. Do not forget to use ellipses or to introduce your ideas using long words.

Biology Essay Writing Guide All You Need to Know

Biology Essay Writing Guide All You Need to Know Scientific writing is an essential element of the whole educational process. Nonetheless, it is often neglected in the undergraduate courses in favor of consideration of scientific theories. Besides, the ability to present research findings effectively is essential for success in biological sciences. Not to mention, graduate students are encouraged to publish scientific essays quite often to become professional scientists. Thus, it is of vital importance for students to have a solid basis in scientific writing in order to develop their academic careers. It can be challenging for the students studying biology to develop sufficient writing skills as most of them are focused solely on the scientific process. Thus, the first advice to you is not to neglect the scientific writing process. It is frequently a difficult task as it needs a unique format and differs in structure from how you may be initially trained to write. Scientific writing differs from how you can currently write in English 101, Art, or Social Science courses. Aforementioned can make the scientific writing process hard; mainly when you are presented with new and sophisticated content. Nevertheless, the effective essay can deepen the perception of the topic enforcing you to submit a coherent and logical article that is backed by credible investigations. A professional scientific essay should follow a proper format and consist of such sections as an introduction of a topic; the hypothesis to be tested in the composition; description of methods to be used; key results of the investigation; a discussion that links the results of the analysis to the broader understanding of the topic. The format mentioned above is a general format that is required in most scientific writing. Not to say, the correct arrangement of an essay facilitates the smooth delivery of information from the author to the reader. Picking a Suitable Topic for a Biology Essay When you are composing an essay in the field of biology, you should make sure that the issue to be discussed is up to date. What is more, you may choose a popular topic and make your essay highly relevant. Nonetheless, it can be a challenging task as there are a lot of different issues worth attention. At the same time, it is often difficult to limit a broad field of investigation to one particular theme. Thus, to make it easier, you can regard the samples of the topics mentioned below: Rewriting of Human DNA; Viruses as the Most Dangerous Weapon; Can Vaccination Stop the Epidemics? Effects of Birth Control; Flu Viruses. Choosing a topic for your investigation, make sure that some background information about the issue is known to you. You can subscribe to the biology-related digest to get some fresh ideas. By monitoring, reading, and searching for the relevant data, you will keep your hand on the relevant biological investigations. At the same time, the title of your essay should include well-chosen words reflecting the subject of the composition. The title should indicate the scope of the essay carefully. Thus, do not title your essay Evolutionary Developmental Biology if you are discussing the topic of wildlife conservation and biology. Create a Solid Outline Starting the writing process, you may face a lot of difficulties. As you will be required to analyze scientific articles and incorporate their arguments into your paper, it can be challenging to evaluate the board variety of the materials correctly. Thus, you should compose the outline before starting to write the entire body of your essay. As a matter of fact, successful essays begin by examining how your theme fits into the existing scientific discussion, crafting a compelling topic, and deciding how to best aim your message at the intended readers. The Prewriting Stage of the Writing Process To compose a successful essay in the field of biology, you ought to identify the audience clearly. You should decide what you want your readers to comprehend from the essay. Decide what story you want them to read. While this may seem self-evident, some students fail to submit a suitable article because they probably fail to report the scientific findings correctly. Thus, you should keep in mind that the aim of science writing is not to reveal what you did or what you discovered, but rather what you want your readers to explore. Accordingly, you can determine your audience by asking yourself such questions as: Who are my target readers? What is the purpose of my audience reading the essay? What information do I want it to take away from my essay? If you want to publish a scientific paper in an academic journal or specific website, you should consider the journal mission statements or the submission guidelines. It will help you to determine how an essay should be structured to be published. The Ultimate Structure of Biology Essay In general, scientific essays have two types of audience: first, the readers of scientific journals; and second, the editors or professors, who have profound knowledge in the field of investigation. Consequently, you should be able to convince the audience that the research presented in your paper is relevant, accurate, and credible. For that purpose, you should clearly emphasize both the aim of the work and the result of it. Thus, present enough data to prove the validity of your investigation. The abstract is the part of the essay that the investigators often examine when deciding whether they are interested in studying the rest of the paper. Therefore, the data presented in the abstract should reflect all the critical issues of the essay to make the readers interested and help them to decide whether the paper reveals the relevant facts of their field of interest. The abstract should summarize the research and include one or two sentences for each of the sections presented in the body of the essay. To do that, you can introduce the rationale, primary objectives, and the purpose of the study. Further, indicate the methods that were used in the investigation. In the final section, the abstract should contain the summary of the results and the main conclusions. Provide Your Essay with a Hooking Introduction As the next step, you should compose the introduction section. The introduction is of vital importance for a successful essay as it sets the tone of the paper. Thus, at the beginning of the composition, you can provide the relevant background data and mention the problem you aim to address. Think about the introduction of your essay as the beginning of a funnel. There you can explicitly specify the broader implications of your composition in the field of study. Do not forget to present enough background data so that the reader could understand the topic. Perform a thorough consideration of the relevant literature, but do not write everything you find. Background information should only involve materials that are directly connected to your essay. In other words, the composition should not contain the whole scope of information about the field of interest. After choosing the ideas to be used, do not forget to incorporate the in†text citations in the proper paper format. Create the Informative Paragraphs of the Main Body The body paragraphs should incorporate such sections as methods, results, and discussion. First of all, you should clarify the aim of the work and determine the structure of the paper for the readers. You should make sufficient consideration of the scientific investigations in the field of interest. Then, it is required to present and review the research outcomes. Results can be combined into one section. Nevertheless, the readers can require the presentation of the results accompanying interpretation so that the readers need to be informed what the results mean. Then, you can mention the conclusion of the essay. The conclusion section displays the consequence of the work by explaining the findings of the investigation. At the end of a composition, in the discussion section, you can relate these judgments to the motivation stated in the introduction. Tips That Will Make Your Writing Better: What Our Writers Suggest Before you start writing, you should comprehend the differences between plagiarism, quoting, and paraphrasing. Note that paraphrasing is a critical and punishable offense that will result in a zero mark or worse it quite possibly can provoke expulsion from your educational institution. In general, plagiarism can be defined as the act of introducing the thoughts or statements of another person as your own. Thus, while it may be claimed that some opinions are original, you should define all the sources that are applied in your essay. With this in mind, to act as an honest and academically responsible student, you should mainly write an essay entirely in your own words. Paraphrasing does not mean using ones sentence and replacing a few words. All the statements in the essay should be the result of you reading relevant articles and repeating each in your own words while referring to the original text. Therefore, you must indicate all the sources of information that were used in the essa y to eliminate plagiarism. Hence, you should appropriately cite the quotations and restated thoughts. All the students should keep in mind that nothing in science can be considered as â€Å"proven.† Thus, in the biology essay, you can write that some data is correlated with the hypothesis. If you consider that one statement is accurate, you can indicate that the weight of evidence for the particular theory is solid. For instance, you can state that the weight of evidence for the hypothesis concerning evolution by natural selection is overwhelming. Not to mention, in the field of biology, the word â€Å"theory† is rarely used, so you should apply such terms as hypothesis and prediction. Some hypotheses may be suggested to explain a pattern; they are usually not mutually exclusive, so you cannot state that one hypothesis is entirely right or wrong. As an illustration, a particular breeding site may be selected as it is free of predators; however, it does not indicate that the site was not chosen due to the availability of food nearby. Kindly note that the most successful science writers: are familiar with the background of the discipline; have a clear topic that they want to cover; expertly draft the message they want to present to their audience. Note that even though you have finally completed data collecting and drafting the essay, you are not done yet. Revising the paper and consolidating constructive feedback will be entirely useful in order to avoid rejection and get a positive mark. To do that, you should begin your paper early enough to be able to take your time to edit the essay. Then, edit the draft to examine if the paper is free of mistakes. To check the coherence of the essay, verify if there is a common thread that ties each paragraph to the introducing one, and furthermore, that each sentence within a paragraph confirms the previous conviction. Ultimately, re†read the paper with a more exceptional lens. Editing sentence structure and word choice should be the finishing touches on your essay. The absence of grammatical and spelling mistakes is just as critical as a scientific background of an essay. Kindly note that if your essay is poorly written, it will have a limited impact on the readers, regardless of the concepts shown. After revising your biology essay, ask someone else to evaluate it. You can ask a classmate. It can be an ideal option as your classmate will possibly know the requirements of the assignment. If a classmate cannot proceed with it, try asking a friend or even a family member. Having a fresh set of eyes will help you recognize sections of the essay that need editing. This method will also help you to understand the peer review process, which is an essential element of professional science writing. It is of vital importance to not be discouraged by some negative comments. You should remember that combining the feedback of reviewers will only strengthen your biological essay, so you need constructive criticism to progress. References How to Write Guide: Sections of the Paper. (2018). Retrieved from http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWsections.html Scientific Papers | Learn Science at Scitable. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/scientific-papers-13815490 Turbek, S., Chock, T., Donahue, K., Havrilla, C., Oliverio, A., Polutchko, S. et al. (2016). Scientific Writing Made Easy: A Step-by-Step Guide to Undergraduate Writing in the Biological Sciences. The Bulletin Of The Ecological Society Of America, 97(4), 417-426. doi: 10.1002/bes2.1258 Writing a Scientific Research Article. (2018). Retrieved from columbia.edu/cu/biology/ug/research/paper.html Writing Scientific Papers. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.colby.edu/biology/BI17x/writing_papers.html

Aztec Origins and the Founding of Tenochtitlan

Aztec Origins and the Founding of Tenochtitlan The origins of the Aztec Empire are part legend, part archaeological and historical fact. When the Spanish conquistador Hernn Cortà ©s arrived in Basin of Mexico in 1517, he found that the Aztec Triple Alliance, a strong political, economic and military pact, controlled the basin and indeed much of central America. But where did they come from, and how did they get to be so powerful? The Origins of the Aztecs The Aztecs, or, more properly, the Mexica as they called themselves, were not originally from the Valley of Mexico but rather migrated from the north. They called their homeland Aztlan, The Place of Herons., but Aztlan is a location which has not as yet been identified archaeologically and was likely at least partly mythical. According to their own records, the Mexica and other tribes were known as a group as the Chichimeca, left their homes in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States because of a great drought. This story is told in several surviving codices (painted folding books), in which the Mexica are shown carrying with them the idol of their patron deity Huitzilopochtli. After two centuries of migration, at around AD 1250, the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico. Today, the Basin of Mexico is filled with the sprawling metropolis of Mexico City; but underneath the modern streets are the ruins of Tenochtitln, the site where the Mexica settled, and the capital city for the Aztec empire. Basin of Mexico Before the Aztecs When the Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it was far from an empty place. Because of its wealth of natural resources, the valley has been continuously occupied for thousands of years, the first known substantial occupation established at least as early as the second century BC. The Valley of Mexico lies ~2,100 meters (7,000 feet) above sea level, and it is surrounded by high mountains, some of which are active volcanoes. Water coursing down in streams from these mountains created a series of shallow, marshy lakes that provided a rich source for animals and fish, plants, salt and water for cultivation. Today the Valley of Mexico is almost entirely covered by the monstrous expansion of Mexico City: but there were ancient ruins as well as thriving communities when the Aztecs arrived, including the abandoned stone structures of two major cities: Teotihuacan and Tula, both referred to by the Aztecs as the Tollans. Teotihuacn: Almost a thousand years before the Aztecs, the huge and carefully planned city of Teotihuacn (occupied between 200 BC and AD 750) flourished there. Today Teotihuacan is a popular archaeological site a few miles north of modern Mexico City that attracts thousands of tourists each year. The word Teotihuacn is a Nahuatl (the language spoken by the Aztecs) word meaning The Birthplace of the Gods. We dont know its real name, but the Aztecs gave this name to the city because it was a sacred place associated with the legendary origins of the world. Tula: Another city that developed in the Valley of Mexico before the Aztecs was the city of Tula, the early post-classic capital of the Toltecs between AD 950 and 1150. The Toltecs were considered by the Aztecs to be the ideal rulers, brave warriors who excelled in the arts and sciences. Tula was so revered by the Aztecs that the king Motecuhzoma (aka Montezuma) sent people to dig up Toltec objects for use in the temples at Tenochtit ln. The Mexica were awestruck by the massive structures built by the Tollans, considering Teotihuacan to be the sacred setting for the creation of the current world or Fifth Sun. The Aztecs carried away and reused objects from the sites: more than 40 Teotihuacan-style objects have been found in offerings within Tenochtitlans ceremonial precinct. Aztec Arrival in Tenochtitln When the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico about 1200 AD, both Teotihuacn and Tula had been abandoned for centuries; but other groups were already settled on the best land. These were groups of Chichimecs, related to the Mexica, who had migrated from the north in earlier times. The late-coming Mexica were forced to settle on the inhospitable hill of Chapultepec or Grasshopper Hill. There they became vassals of the city of Culhuacan, a prestigious city whose rulers were considered the heirs of the Toltecs. As acknowledgment for their assistance in battle, the Mexica were given one of the daughters of the King of Culhuacan to be worshiped as a goddess/priestess. When the king arrived to attend the ceremony, he found one of the Mexica priests dressed in the flayed skin of his daughter: the Mexica reported to the king that their God Huitzilopochtli had asked for the sacrifice of the princess. The sacrifice and flaying of the Culhua Princess provoked a ferocious battle, which the Mexica lost. They were forced to leave Chapultepec and move to some marshy islands in the middle of the lake. Tenochtitln: Living in a Marshland After they were forced out of Chapultepec, according to the Mexica myth, the Aztecs wandered for weeks, searching for a place to settle. Huitzilopochtli appeared to the Mexica leaders and indicated a place where a great eagle was perched on a cactus killing a snake. This place, smack dab in the middle of a marsh with no proper ground at all, was where the Mexica founded their capital, Tenochtitln. The year was 2 Calli (Two House) in the Aztec calendar, which translates in our modern calendars to AD 1325. The apparently unfortunate position of their city, in the middle of a marsh, actually facilitated economic connections and protected Tenochtitln from military attacks by restricting access to the site by canoe or boat traffic. Tenochtitln grew rapidly as both a commercial and military center. The Mexica were skillful and fierce soldiers and, despite the story of the Culhua princess, they were also able politicians who created solid alliances with the surrounding cities. Growing a Home in the Basin The city grew rapidly, with palaces and well-organized residential areas and aqueducts providing fresh water to the city from the mountains. At the center of the city stood the sacred precinct with ball courts, schools for nobles, and priests quarters. The ceremonial heart of the city and of the whole empire was the Great Temple of Mexico-Tenochtitln, known as the Templo Mayor or Huey Teocalli (the Great House of the Gods). This was a stepped pyramid with a double temple on top dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the main deities of the Aztecs. The temple, decorated with bright colors, was rebuilt many times during Aztec history. The seventh and final version was seen and described by Hernn Cortà ©s and the conquistadors. When Cortà ©s and his soldiers entered the Aztec capital on November 8, 1519, they found one of the largest cities in the world. Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Healan D. 2012. The Archaeology of Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Research 20(1):53-115.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005, The Aztecs: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO Inc.