The Importance Of Costs In The Pricing Strategy Accounting Essay

The Importance Of Costs In The Pricing Strategy Accounting EssayIt is in truth important for companies to develop a good price strategy as it than permits them to earn good profit margin on its product or services and at the identical beat making it appealing to the customers. Pricing strategies argon very important comparisont of business and different organisation sp demise large sum of specie and effort to devise effective and efficient pricing strategies.Following ar different types of pricing strategies that different business organisations subroutine in order to draw customers and at the same time to earn profitCompetition PricingPsychological PricingCost establish PricingPrice Skimming.Absorption wooThe formula that is used by different organisations to calculate the equipment casualty isSelling price. = Cost + profitCost based pricingOne of the strategies is cost based pricing. This strategy involves first the calculation of the fixed cost and the inconsistent cost of the specific product or service that is offered by an organisation. Once the congeries cost is calculated than the profit margin is added to each unit i.e. it can 5%, 7% or 9%. The cost based pricing strategy is very efficient strategy as it covers all the costs related to product and service and it alike covers the desired profit.Although this strategy looks very simple and easy to use and managers only leave to do some financial calculations in order to de full termine the price of the product or service that is being delivered. plainly the paradox with this strategy is that it doesnt consider the external factors such as market or the competition that also have massive impact on pricing. But as this strategy is very old and the organisation only has to process the internal information to calculate the price thats why it is very universal. The organisation can also justify the prices that have been allocated on the basis of their cost and also prove that the price is th e sum of the total cost and the profit.Absorption cost principlesAbsorption be is some other cost technique that is widely used it involves the allocation of all the costs that have been incurred by the business organisation to each of its product or the service they offer. This strategy enables them to estimate whether the product will incur profit in future or not. During the cost allocation process some assumptions be also made as some costs atomic number 18 fixed and some are variable which depend on the level of production.When absorption be clay is used the profit that are reported by the organisation depend on the level of production and the level of sales by the firm, this is delinquent to the fact the fixed manufacturing overhead is absorbed in the value of work in progress goods and also in the finished goods. But if at the end of the accounting point in time the stock is not sold out than the fixed manufacturing overhead cost is transferred to the next halt.Mar ginal costing principlesMarginal costing is another significant costing strategy. This strategy grants importance to the behavioural characteristics of the costs. The two elements of the cost are first separated i.e. variable cost in which the cost per unit is same and the total cost changes depending on the level of production and the second element is fixed cost in which the total cost is same regardless of level of production. It is not very easy to separate fixed and variable costs, the organisation simplify the information to do this and sometimes it is not very accurate. But this costing strategy is very helpful for business organisations to perform different activities such as decision making and petty term planning. In this costing system the variable cost is subtracted from the sales revenue to calculate the contribution margin of each product i.e. the amount each product has contributed to cover the total fixed cost that business organisation has sustained. And then the fixed cost is subtracted from the contribution margin as fixed cost is treated as period cost and then the net profit is found.1.2 Design a costing system for use within an governance.The world was hit by the recession in 2007. Now it is been more than six years but still many countries are not able to get rid of it and most of the countries are face up the after effects. The economy has been badly affected by the recession. And indeed business organisations are also giving more attention to the financial aspects of the firm. The business organisations are trying to be prepared for such kind of disasters by using various accounting tools that helps them to closely evaluate their performance whether it is financial or guidance performance. This also helps them to identify various opportunities. According to Datar et.al (2008) business organisations are giving more attention to cost accounting these days in order to make their financial as well as their strategic decisions. The c osting system enables the organisation to easily record the expenses that have been incurred or will be incurred in future. But the other financial technique limits the business organisations to sales, marketing and human re outset management and does not give the accurate cost of the business activities. in that respect are different costing systems some of them are menti superstard above but the three costing systems that are gaining more attention are very popular among business organisations areActivities-Based Costing SystemAbsorption Costing SystemDirect Costing SystemTESCO is a multinational grocery store with millions of turn-over either year they have been using traditional costing system which is used to cover their huge sales. But now as the competition is increasing in the market due to globalisation and various other factors the number of challenged TESCO is facing is also increasing. in that respectfore the best costing system for TESCO is activity based costing or ABC system. According to Dekker (2003) the fundamental principle of the activity based costing revolves around value chain analysis and integrated cost valuation and the sales information that is associated with the supply chain of the organisation.TESCO requires the main costing hub rather than small different departments. It has more than 30,000 products and therefore it is very difficult to keep address of all of them. Any business firm offering this much number of products cannot keep track of the cost and they can be in difficult piazza due to overhead cost allocation. Activity based costing system has two divers volume based and non-volume based. The most suitable costing system for TESCO is activity based costing as it helps the organisation to get the exact summary of cost of sales.1.3 Propose improvements to the costing and pricing systems used by an organizationThe competition-based pricing polity should be used by TESCO. This strategy helps the firm to finalize the pr ice of the product after analysing the prices set by the other companies that are currently competing in the market. Therefore TESCO should first identify its present foes that are giving it a cut throat competition. Than after calculating the costs of its products TESCO sets the price of each product. The prices are set either higher, lower or exactly the same prices that are offered by competitors. This decision is actually based on how the competitor will respond to the set price. If there are few competitors in the market than the response of the competitor is very important part of this pricing strategy. Because if this is the shell than, when one competitor lowers the price the other competitor will also lower theirs in order to be more competitive.By using this this pricing constitution the companies can relatively quickly set their prices and as this strategy does not require accurate market data therefore it requires very flyspeck effort to carry it out. Competitive pri cing also makes distributors more receptive to a companys products because they are priced within the range the distributor already handles. Furthermore, this pricing policy enables companies to select from a variety of different pricing strategies to achieve their strategic goals. In other words, companies can choose to mark their prices above, below, or on par with their competitors prices and thereby influence customer perceptions of their products.2.1. Apply forecasting techniques to make cost and revenue decisions in an organizationAssumptions for Forecasted Income StatementThe revenues have increased by 5%.The cost of goods sold has increased by 2%The selling, general and admin expenses has been managed to bring down by 3%No further borrowing took place therefore interest expense is sameInterest income, income on equity investment and non-operating income has increased by 1%.All the unusual items will be same.Income value will be 25%.Minority interest in earning and earning f rom discounted operations will be same.NOTE All the figures are rounded off to one decimal place.Currency(Millions of British Pounds)As ofFeb 252012GBP% ChangeFeb 25 2013GBPRevenue64,539.05%67,766.0 heart REVENUE64,539.067,766.0Cost Of Goods Sold (cogs)59,278.02%60,464.0 realize PROFIT5,261.07,302.0Selling General Admin Expenses, Total(1,634.0)(3%)(1,585.0)Total OPERATING EXPENSES(1,634.0)(1,585.0)OPERATING INCOME3,627.05717.0Interest Expense(417.0) equivalent(417.0)Interest Income And Investment Income114.01%115.0NET sake EXPENSE(303.0)(302.0)Income On Equity Investments91.01%92.0 different Non-Operating Income (Expenses)44.01%44.0EBT3,459.05,551.0Impairment Of GoodwillSameGain On Sale Of Assets376.0Same376.0Other ridiculous ItemsSameEBT, INCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS3,835.05927.0Income Tax Expense879.0(25%)1482.0Minority Interest In Earnings(8.0)Same(8.0)Earnings From Continuing Operations2,956.04,445.0EARNINGS FROM DISCOUNTINUED OPERATIONS(142.0)Same(142.0)NET INCOME2,806.04,295.0NET INCOME TO COMMON INCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS2,806.04,295.0NET INCOME TO COMMON EXCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS2,948.04,437.0Assumptions for Forecasted balance SheetAll assets will increase by 3% notwithstanding the current assets. Current assets will increase by 5%.All current liabilities will increase by 4%.All long term liabilities will increase by 3.95%.Equity will increase by 5%.Currency inMillions of British PoundsAs ofFeb 252012GBP% ChangeFeb 25 2013GBPAssetshttp//investing.businessweek.com/ look into/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/ question/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/ seek/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/enquiry/images/px.gifCash And Equivalents2,305.05%http//investing.businessweek.com/ search/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/ look for/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/ investigate/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/ look into/images/px.gif2420.25Short-Term Investments1,243.0http//investing.businessweek.co m/ interrogation/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/ search/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/ investigate/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/ investigate/images/px.gif5%1305.15TOTAL CASH AND SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS3,548.0http//investing.businessweek.com/ seek/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%3725.4Accounts Receivable2,502.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%2627.1Notes Receivablehttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifOther Receivables2,244.0ht tp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%2356.2TOTAL RECEIVABLES4,746.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%4983.3Inventory3,598.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%3777.9Prepaid Expenses420.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%441Other Current Assets551.0http //investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%578.55TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS12,863.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%13506.15Gross Property Plant And Equipment34,772.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%35815.16Accumulated Depreciation-9,062.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/imag es/px.gif3%-9333.86NET PROPERTY PLANT AND EQUIPMENT25,710.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%26481.3Goodwill3,449.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%3552.47Long-Term Investments1,949.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%2007.47Accounts Receivable, Long Term1,901.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp// investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%1958.03Loans Receivable, Long Termhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%Deferred Tax Assets, Long Term23.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%23.69Deferred Charges, Long Term677.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%697.31Other Intangibles492.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/rese arch/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%506.76Other Long-Term Assets3,717.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3%3828.51TOTAL ASSETS50,781.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif52304.43http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifLIABILITIES EQUITYhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp// investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifAccounts Payable5,971.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4%6209.84Accrued Expenses2,612.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4%2716.48Short-Term Borrowings415.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4%431.6Current Portion Of Long-Term Debt/Capital plight1,423.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessw eek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4%1479.92Current Portion Of Capital Lease Obligations32.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4%33.28Current Income Taxes Payable416.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4%432.64Other Current Liabilities, Total8,412.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4%8748.48TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES19,249.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//inves ting.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif4%20018.96Long-Term Debt9,777.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95%10163.19Capital Leases134.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95%139.293Minority Interest26.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95%27.027Pension Other Post-Retirement Benefits1,872.0http//investing.businessweek.c om/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95%1945.944Deferred Tax Liability Non-Current1,160.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95%1205.82Other Non-Current Liabilities788.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95%819.126TOTAL LIABILITIES32,980.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif3.95%34319 .36Common Stock402.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%422.1Additional Paid In Capital4,964.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%5212.2Retained Earnings12,164.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%12772.2exchequer Stock-18.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/p x.gif5%-18.9Comprehensive Income And Other263.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%276.15TOTAL COMMON EQUITY17,775.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif5%18663.75TOTAL EQUITY17,801.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif18,701.00TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY50,781.0http//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing.businessweek.com/research/images/px.gifhttp//investing .businessweek.com/research/images/px.gif52304.432.2 Assess the sources of funds available to an organization for a specific projectThere are two sources of capitalEquity backingRetained netPublic stock salePartnersVenture capital companiesCorporationsDebt financingAsset based financingVendor financingCommercial banksBut all of the above sources are not suitable for Tesco. It already has floated its stocks in the market therefore only following few sources of funds available to TescoRetained earningsThe well-kept earning directly affects the amount of dividend paid to the shareholders. Company can either use its profits as retained earnings or reinvest them or they can give it away as dividend. There are different reasons because of which it is better to use retained earnings to finance the new project instead of giving it as dividend such as company does not have to borrow it and then pay interest on the loan which will incur extra cost. The dividend policy is devised by the direc tors and they prefer to use retained earnings as an attractive source of fund.Bank lendingBanks are also another important source of funds these days. They lend money to business organisation and charge interest rate on it. The banks lend short term loans in terms of overdraft and short term loans. An overdraft is given by bank which company has to pay back within the set limits. The interest is charged but at a variable rate. Whereas the short term loan is the loan extended by bank for the period of up to three years. Medium loans are another type of loans that are given by banks for the time period of more than three years. The type of loan extended by the bank depends on the credit history of the company.LeasingThere are two types of parties in a lease agreement i.e. lessee and lessor. Lessor is the person who is the owner of the asset and lessee is the person who is willing to use that asset with the payment of definite amount of money. The agreement is signed between two parti es after which lessee is allowed to use the asset but he has to make certain amount of payments for certain period of time. We can say that lease is another type of rental. There are different types of assets that can be leased out such as building, house, inflict furniture, equipment and vehicles and so on There are two different types of lease operating lease and finance lease. Operating lease is the lease of the equipment for the specified period of time and the lessor has the responsibility of the maintenance of that equipment. The lease period is fairly short. Whereas in finance lease the agreement of lease is relatively long in most cases it is the expect life of the asset that is to be leased.FranchisingThis is another attractive source of financing the new business venture for many business organisations. This method requires less financing for business organisation to expand. Two parties are involved in franchising agreement that is franchisor and franchisee. The franchis or gives a right to franchisee to operate its business using the franchisors name but in return franchisee has to pay certain amount of money. The franchisee has to pay an upfront fee to franchisor that covers the business set up cost and then monthly or per year payments are made that is certain percentage of the franchisee profit.3.1 select appropriate budgetary targets for an organizationThe budgeting is very important and essential part of any organisation as it is similar to financial plan that shows the allocation of the financial funds that are available to an organisation to different expenditures. The main drivers of the budget of any organisation are the mission, vision and objectives of that specific organisation. The budget of the business organisation includes different variablesRevenuesExpensessalesoutputoperating costfixed costprofitscash inclinecapital investmentThe budget of the organisation of the coming year is based on certain key assumptions that are made abou t the most plausibly business conditions of the organisation. This help to produce a detailed budget of the organisation which includes monthly sales level, the overall production and also the different expenditures. Business organisations should have flexible budget so that they can easily mould with changing external conditions. For example the actual sales can be higher than the expect value so it is important to change the budget and to increase the costs related to it such as overhead cost, variable cost, labour cost etc.3.2 participate in the creation of a master budget for an organization sales (in billions)1st Quarter 33,0002nd Quarter 30,0003rd Quarter 32,000quaternary Quarter 36,000Costs (in billions)1st Quarter 29,0002nd Quarter 29,8003rd Quarter 29,9704th Quarter 31,250Selling Expenses (in billions)Variable cost 3% of SalesFixed cost (divided in fo

The Enigma of Arrival by V.S. Naipaul

The Enigma of Arrival by V.S. NaipaulThe Enigma of Arrival by V.S. NaipaulSir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, in any case more generally know with his abbreviated name of V.S. Naipaul, is an English novelist who also indulged into writing essays throughout this animation which he primarily spent in the United Kingdom. Originally, Naipaul comes from Trinidad where he was born on August 17, 1932 while also inhibiting Indian descent. Digging into his personal life, Naipaul was married to an English woman by the name of Patricia Hale for a duration of 41 years before she died with cancer in 1996. During his time with his Patricia, he was spotted many times in prostitution centers in London while also having a instead casual involvement with Margaret Gooding, an Argentinean woman who was from Angolan descent. Today, he shares his life with his current wife, Nadrina Naipaul, who is a Pakistani journalist. rhythming more towards his professional career as a writer, Naipaul has won nume rous awards for his great strides in literature. In 1964, he won the Hawthornden Prize, in 1971 he captured the Booker Prize and in 2001, he was honored with the Nobel Prize in Literature. As he drew most of his attention in his writing towards realism and post-colonialism, his most gifted and notable works in his fiction creations were A crease in the River, The Enigma of Arrival and A House for Mr. Biswas while turning to his non-fiction establishments, he was known for An Area of Darkness, India A Million Mutinies Now and A Turn in the South. The novel, Enigma of Arrival, indulges us into the lone and calm English town of Wiltshire where the narrator, commonly perceived as Naipaul himself, rents out a small little cottage with quite large fields surrounding it and on the side, a river where the water flows so elegantly. Coming from Trinidad, he is rather unwary and has no idea what at that place is to expect in these new surrounding of his life. In the first section of the b ook labeled as Jacks Garden, Naipaul describes a garden full of life and subtleness and greets a man called Jack who is the owner of this property. Throughout the chapter, he realizes that Jack has not always lived there and that Jack has created this beauty with his bare hands which influences the narrator to believe that the surrounding of a floor indicates the persons characteristics. As Jack dies in the dampness of his cottage and garden as he gets old, new people motivate in which indicates a limiting of guard. The story also takes a rather twisted turn as the garden turns into a farm under the leadership of the new owners. Naipaul is rather modest and conservative though, sustenance life by himself in this rather rural but arguably, comfortable place while taking in the acceptance of change. In the second chapter, The Journey, he focuses more on his experiences and thoughts when he first set foot in England. He recalls beingness quite oblivious to the English culture a nd that he was only this young, immature teenager who received a scholarship to att give the sack Oxford. He indulges into a rather intense autobiography about how he reflects on the English who have changed him in a way that needed him to change his cultural grid. What furthermore comes to his intellectual is his experiences in a boarding house that he stayed in England and how he lived in Trinidad before occupying this subtle cottage in Wiltshire. He also reflects on his development as a writer and soon he realizes that however badly he wanted to leave England, he couldnt, because his audience and employment were be in this country. Surely enough, he comes to the point where he summarizes all the great work he has completed to that date and looking fors deeper into the differences between 2 gazes colonial and imperial. He notices that the colonial relates to the book 1984 by Aldous Huxley and how the Big Br other(a) surveillance was something that he couldnt understand while on the other hand, his imperial view led him to crack his characters in his stories while also indulging him into his narrative energy which couldnt be interfered with. Next up is the chapter Ivy, where Naipaul makes a vast and first appearance with his landlord who drives by him in his flashy and elegant car. Naipaul views him as a man with high social privileges and compares him to a man with a fringe what he previously sees who is the acquire opposite as he writes about how life has begun differently for these two men, how one values something more than the other and how culture has created each man to who he is today. He comes back to talking about Jacks Garden again and how his visual interpretation leads this garden to be a state of art as he compares it to two painters, Constable and Giorgio de Chirico. The gardener, Pitton, is also mentioned as he one of the servants for the house and is someone who cant be bothered to look for some other argument since he is settling for less than he could possibly achieve in life. This makes Naipaul think and it throws him back to memories of how he has dealt with failure in his writing and as a human being. He relates to how grave it is to be accepted by other people and how a true home can lead to someones well being. both in all, he creates a certain amount of hope as he looks into the future and sees time catching up with him. In the last two chapters, Rooks and The Ceremony of Farewell, the narrator talks about Alan, the other writer in this novel who is a native towards this culture and understands the concept of the English. The most important part is the painting of Chirico which is identical to the name of this novel and how habituation is what creates vision and imagination. It also talks about how the journey of getting to a place creates the stretch and the thought of the place as Naipaul states that living in Wiltshire is another surprise in his life, however has gave him the power to accept ch ance. The story ends with the tragic death of Naipauls child in Trinidad and the description of the Hindu ceremony that follows to honor her life. In a quote in the first chapter Naipaul states This idea of winter and snow had always stirred up me but in England the word had lost some of its romance for me, because the winters I had found in England had seldom been as extreme as I had imagined they would be when I was far away in my tropical island. (5). The seasons of a country do reflect the setting that it portrays and since England is mostly known for being rainy and gloomy, it top executive be looked at as a rather disthe likes ofd place for tourists. However, coming from tropical islands, Naipaul experiences the cold weather as this influences his cultural grid to the change in climates. On the other hand, he expected more of the English winters and somewhat sounds disappointed in the adaption that he has to make. He tends to compare his old home with his new one and talks about the lack of romance that he has with this place. A certain ingredient of a lovely home is missing in England. In the second chapter, Naipaul recalls himself traveling to New York as he takes out his pencil When you licked the pencil the color became bright dry, the color was dull. I had bought the round and the pencil because I was traveling to become a write, and I had to start. (106). Many different people travel for different things such as adventure, business, leisure, etc. That said, Naipaul was on a mission to capture the world with his own two eyes and mark down everything he saw which was new to him. He wanted to pad his cultural views and then felt the need to reflect on how he could relate to it in his own mind. Experience through travel is arguably stronger than the highest workable education as it indulges someone into a visual and emotional first person perspective on how the rush of the city lights can frighten you or how the background music in a bar can rem ind you of home. Naipaul travels for his own reason, for his profession of creating a diary which will keep memories of life, safe and sound. currently enough, Naipaul starts to appreciate his surroundings as he recalls Whatever my mood, and how ever long or short my separation from the cottage, whether I had gone on an overseas denomination of many months of had simply done to Salisbury or had done for my afternoon walk, the first sight of the cottage on my return, breaking in upon me at the end of the short, dark lane from the public road, never failed to delight me. (193). This quote shows a certain increase of maturity and respect over the years that he has been living in the house for. As he comes back to his home, sweet home, which at first sounds rather gloomy, he embraces it as it catches his eyes for being what it is. He appreciates the simmpleness and recognizes the beauty of his surroundings as he is always content that nothing has changed, that it has been left untou ched. It shows a rather strong character of the author since he doesnt look for tremendous wealth or a preppy public. His peace with the world is calm and collected as he enjoys the way of life, the beautiful creation of mankind. In the other book that was written by Naipaul, An Area of Darkness, he does a rather good job in discriminating the things he doesnt like about a country. I see him doing that in this book too even though it is his country of residency. He complains about a few things, however I like how he appreciates the simple and important things in life. I feel like he has a great insight on what it means to be simple and not spoilt as he focuses on the values of a home, the people that surround him and in the meanwhile, he gives us a very fervid descriptive image of the cottage, the people and his life towards all those factors. I adored the fact that he recalled most of his past journeys in life as I could relate to every single one of them well since Ive done som e extensive traveling myself, all over the world. I see him as someone to look up to, someone who talks from experience and who has seen the world. His perspective and opinions do get in the way of his narratives and novels at times and this book was a rather slow and mellow read. However his grace of writing enhances people to expand their knowledge and culture to the world and shows them that traveling can make them brighter people. On another note, he dedicates this book to his loving brother, Shiva Naipaul, who died from a heart attack. His family values are never forgotten which inspires me. ReferencesNaipaul, V.S. The Enigma of Arrival. New York Viking Press. 1987. Print.

Mental Health Issues: Demographics, Types and Treatments

Mental health Issues Demographics, Types and TreatmentsMental wellness issuesMay 62015 skirt of Contents1 (a) MOST PREVALENT MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES1 (b) DEMOGRAPHICS OF MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES1 (c) IMPACT OF MENTAL HEALTH ILLNESS ON THE INDIVIDUAL, THE COMMUNITY, AND THE COUNTRY1(d) PERCEPTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS2. IS MARCIA MENTALLY ILL?References1 (a) MOST PREVALENT MENTAL HEALTH ISSUESMental wellness is addressed to a degree of ruttish well-being or simply the absence of any amiable disorder. In simpler terms, cordial health may be defined as an individuals capability to be able to enjoy life while creating a balance between the routine life activities and adjusting to the adversity and pains in life According to World Health Organization (WHO) , amiable health includes subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of ones intellectual and emotional potential, among others (WHO Programme for Mental Health, 1985).The mental health issues or simply mental illness is a disorder o the brain functioning. This may result from complicated interactions in between a psyches genetics and environment. The causes may vary in each individual depending upon the type of mental illness (Mental Illness, History, 2005). Some of the most prevalent mental health issues globally be-Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders further include specific fears, panic disorder, normalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, etc (Anxiety disorder, 2010).Mood Disorders These include major depressive disorder, alike called as clinical depression and bipolar disorderPsychotic Disorders alteration of thinking perception and behaviour. These include schizophrenic disorder and other delusional disordersPersonality Disorders take Disorders These include anorexia nervosa, binge eating and bulimia nervosa (Farmer, Treasure and Szmukler, 1986).Developmental Disorders ADHD and autism be included in this category.Behav ioural DisordersAddictions Disorders of cravingObsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders1 (b) DEMOGRAPHICS OF MENTAL HEALTH ISSUESEach individual is unique and so are the factors causing mental illness. It is measured that people living in poor socio-economic conditions are more prone to the putting green mental disorders namey anxiety and depression. This is further worsened by unemployment, poor education status and other financial disadvant get on withs. The most common mental illness in UK today is anxiety. It accounts for affecting 9.2% of the total population.Next in line is depression affecting one in 200 children under the age group of 12 years (Voelker, 1999). This ratio decreases in teenagers to three in 100 .29% of adults from all areas of life are affected by intermission disorders. In Britain, the prevalence of personality disorder is between 2-13% of the population when men are more affected than women(5.43.4%). Another striking study shows the prevalence of schizop hrenia at 5 per 1000 individuals each year.ADHD 1.7% of the population of UK.Every year a large number of people would have their lives altered by an mental health issue and it is hence essential that we try to find however much we can about the improvement, onset and treatment of these psychological health issues.1 (c) IMPACT OF MENTAL HEALTH ILLNESS ON THE INDIVIDUAL, THE COMMUNITY, AND THE COUNTRYMost individuals with mental health issues are tested doubly. People with mental issue are at more risk for compromised quality of life, difficulties in education, poverty due to lower productivity, social issues, prone to abuse, and other health issues. education is almost ceaselessly compromised due to the early onset of mental health issues which keep people from finishing their training or effectively seeking after a career.also, mental health issues bring about decreased individual productivity due to unemployment, missed work, and diminished profitability at work. This antagonisti c cycle might in any case add to high rates of homeless people with mental disorders.Despite the fact that the particular societal effect of mental gruesomeness fluctuates among societies and countries, untreated dysfunctional behavior has noteworthy expenses to society. At the point when mental sickness expenditures and loss of profitability are both considered, the WHO evaluated that mental issue cost national economies a few billion dollars annually.In expansion, mental health issues can compound other general health issues, expanding the weight on national economies and blocking global general health efforts.Although the dominant part of people with dysfunctional behavior dont show risky practices, violence and detainment among rationally sick people can put a critical burden and social weight on communities and countries.1(d) PERCEPTION OF MENTAL ILLNESSHow each individual deals with his mental illness is unique.Sadly, numerous individuals have minus perception of mental he alth issues. Pessimistic attitudes and an absence of comprehension can bring about individuals with mental health issues to be dealt with wrongfully or tagged in a manner that damages their stand in the society. This is once in a while called stigma, and can influence those with mental or emotional issues and their jobs and families (Thomlinson, 2006).Disposition toward mental health issues variate among people, families, ethnicities, societies, and nations. Social and religious teachings regularly impact convictions about the inceptions and nature of mental sickness, and shape mentality towards the rationally sick (Wallach, 2004). In addition to impacting whether mentally sick people experience societal stigma, beliefs about mental illness can influence patients status and ability to liveliness for and hold fast to treatment. Subsequently, understanding individual and social convictions about altered mental behavior is key for implementing compelling ways to deal with mental heal th care.2. IS MARCIA MENTALLY ILL?Our emotional well- being, psychological well -being and social well-being all put together as one defines what we call as mental health (Bhadra, 2012). A healthy mind is essential in all stages of life beginning from childhood and teenage to adulthood. Mental health affects how we feel, what we think and how we act.Marcia though brilliant in her field of work seems to suffer from mental illness. This is underlined by the fact that she stays in her house for days together and even gets her obtain home delivered. She keps herself away from people and the routine activities of life. Her sleep patterns and eating habits are disturbed as she sleeps late at night and even forgets to eat food. though competent in her work, she failst o maintain her hygiene and does not even perform the basic task of bathing each day. She feels happy in her qon microscopical coccon and does not want to open up and mix with people around her.All these symptoms, though ver y normal to look at could be covering fire a serious mental health issue. Marcia should consult with a specialist and change her attitude towards looking at things. She should socialize as man is a social animal and should take care of her health by monitoring her sleep and food patterns.ReferencesAnxiety disorder. (2010). BMJ, 340(apr07 1), pp.c1839-c1839.Bhadra, M. (2012). Mental Health Mental Illness Our Responsibility. Health Renaissance, 10(1).Farmer, A., Treasure, J. and Szmukler, G. (1986). Eating Disorders A Review of Recent Research. Digestive Diseases, 4(1), pp.13-25.Mental Illness, History. (2005). JAMA, 293(8), p.1007.Thomlinson, P. (2006). Dissecting the Stigma of Mental Illness. PsycCRITIQUES, 51(16).Voelker, R. (1999). Depression in the UK. JAMA, 282(22), p.2111.Wallach, H. (2004). Changes in Attitudes Towards Mental Illness Following Exposure. participation Ment Health J, 40(3), pp.235-248.WHO Programme for Mental Health. (1985). Psychiatric Bulletin, 9(8), pp.158 -158.

The Chemistry of Knowledge Essay -- Philosophy Knowledge Knowing Plato

The Chemistry of KnowledgeHippeas thought he had all the answers. I have never found every man who was my superior in anything, he boasted. Then he meets Socrates. Though he had made thousands of public speeches about virtue, a dialogue with the wisest of Athenians leads Hippeas to confess that he cannot even say what virtue is (Hippeas 70). lesser Hippeas discredits Hippeas but offers little more than a negative definition of knowledge. Meno, Phaedo, and the Republic provide a more comprehensive interchange of the definition, the good and the teaching of knowledge. The following pages will explore Platos theory of knowledge and will conclude with an examination of organic chemistry at Swarthmore College. check to Plato, knowledge requires the reasoned understanding of essences. To know the qualities something possesses, one must grasp what something is (Meno 60). Knowledge entails an active understanding capable of weathering the rigors of a probing discussion. In Lesser Hippeas, Socrates uncovers the knowledge deficit underlying Hippeas opinions and skills. Plato makes a clear distinction between Hippeas mastery of facts and the possession of true knowledge I certainly do not think I am guessing that right opinion is a different thing from knowledge (90). Facts and opinions require little more than memorization and regurgitation. acquiring knowledge, on the other hand, can only be done with an effort (Republic 776).Platos Cave analogy in the Republic likens the path to knowledge to the rebirth from a dark cave to a sunny hilltop. Plato allegorizes the ascent of the soul (776) from a world of shadows, reflections and half-truths into the world of knowledge (776). Plato maintains that cave dw... ...nt of the reason why (90). yet knowledge boasts longevity. For me, perhaps the most disconcerting thing about organic chemistry is the rapidity with which my memory of it has faded. Some three months removed from a last(a) exam, I recall virtually nothing. So w hy dont we get knowledge, if it would serve us so much better than limited-warranty opinions? Thinking takes time. And in that location are only fifteen weeks to a semester. Professors need empirical measurements of student progress in finite periods of time, even when it is clear that cursory thought emasculates knowledge. after all, All late papers will be penalized Professor Richard SchuldenfreiWorks CitedPlato. Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Trans G. M. A. Grube.Hackett Publishing Company, 2002.Plato. The Dialogues of Plato. Trans. B. Jowett. New York Random House.

Feminism and TV Commercials Essay -- essays papers

Feminism and TV Commercials Television commercials to the average person are a form of entertain custodyt. They are also a way for good deal to see what is cosmos sold out there in the real world. To a critic television commercials are much more than that. Depending what critical progression the critic uses he or she al disordered for analyze the television commercials differently.I decided to challenge myself and instead of using an approach that I knew about I used one that I knew little about. In my discussion of television commercials I focused on using the Feminist critical approach. I will discuss what Feminism is made up of. Then I will discuss and analyze six television commercials. Feminism has at least quartet different parts to it. There are the radical feminists, which argue that womens subjugation is the result of the system of patriarchy, a system of domination in which men as a group have power over women as a group, (Storey 135). The Marxist feminists w ho argue that womens oppression is due to capitalism. The third is the openhanded feminism, which does not bank a system like patriarchy or capitalism oppresses women, but that males are prejudice against women. The fourth is the dual systems theory, womens oppression derives from their situation within an autonomous system of sex divisions of labor and male supremacy (Vogel 128).The first TV commercial is about a woman who is walk of life out of Taco Bell with a burrito in her hand. It is no ordinary woman she looks skinny and beautiful. Two young men look at her as she comes out of Taco Bell and they comment on how good she looks. This commercial might look harmless to someone who does not care, but to a critic it is not. This commercial shows a very skinny woman walking out of a Taco Bell with a burrito. A woman who sees this and has a low self-esteem could become anorexic or bulimic. Since she might go eat a taco or something at Taco Bell and then when she does not look lik e the model she might decide to hurt herself to look like the model. This commercial gives women a false perception and could be harmful. Women and men believe that the way the model looks is the norm and if they are not like that they will not be taken serious.In the next commercial there is a man and a woman taking pictures of their surroundings. The mans film finishes so the woman grabs a camera and takes the ... ...on women, particularly womens bodies, as gross revenue bait is in universal evidence (Gallagher 75). To know that the stereotyping is not only in the United States, but that it is universal is disturbing because it shows that we are in a male dominated world. Despite the mixed perception of women as models, mothers, sex objects, and so on in these commercials the bottom line is that Feminists want the best for the women in this society and around the world. I learned by using the Feminist approach that women in general have it hard. I feel everyone grows up being taught about gender stereotyping since a very early age without really noticing it. We all have to have an open mind and not label slew because of their gender. But if we must label or judge someone let it be because of what they have accomplished in life.BibliographyGallagher, Margaret. Unequal opportunities The case of women and the media. France Offset Aubin, Poiters, 1981.Storey, John. An invention to Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. 2nd ed. Georgia The University of Georgia, 1998.Vogel, Lisa. Marxism and The Oppression of Women. New Jersey Rutgers, The State University, 1983.

Shooting in Football :: Papers

Shooting in Foot junkie How to shoot Kicking is the basis of foot wrap (soccer). There are two types of shots - ground and port. screen background shots On ground shots the supporting (non- squawk) leg is more important than the kicking leg. In order to produce a good shot youll need balance. The adjust way to keep your balance is to place your supporting foot in line with the ball. By stepping a little behind you will produce a high kick (most young players that are not taught how to shoot do not know about keeping the leg in line with the ball and when they try to kick hard the ball always rises). The second important thing in ground shoot is that in order to get the maximal power in a shot, the knee of your kicking leg has to be above the ball at the moment your foot and the ball touch. The follow-through is a swing of your leg after youve touched the ball. You should follow-through in the direction of your aim. If you have trouble unde rstanding this concept try landing on your kicking or think about touching the knee of your kicking leg in your opposite shoulder after you kick the ball. Air shots On air shots you have to adjust to the flight of the ball by moving your legs very quickly with short steps. After you decide that youre in the right spot thus you swing at the ball. Some shots require jumping. Be very careful when doing so and time your jump, just like when taking a header. How to practice shooting First start practicing your technique, then add accuracy to it, and then you worry about power. Start just by shooting a still ball and then add one or more of the things below. Ground shots Shooting a ball at a goal Shooting from a dishonor angle Shooting a moving ball Shooting while turning in the direction of the goal

The Main Outcomes of the Industrial Revolution Essay -- Industrial Rev

The Main Outcomes of the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on society. The major effects were socially and economically. It is rather difficult to date the start of the industrial revolution but history books of today suggest the onset during the eighteenth century.The change from agriculture to industry was vast and it must be remembered that England was the first country to undergo this profound change. The initial effect on engineering industries arising at the start of the Industrial Revolution were due partly to the geographical location of the resources i.e. coal iron and water. The inventiveness of our ancestors in these as well as otherwise industries such as textiles chemical electrical and transportation contributed greatly to the Industrial Revolution.The first ii of these coal and iron provided the capital infrastructure and options for future development, whilst textiles back up and encouraged developments. Coal was originally mined by s mall groups even families, using the long wall system. * SEE DIA 1. This technique was changed dramatically with the invention of the Commen engine. * SEE DIA 2. (named after its inventor THOMAS NEWCOMMEN) This was a pump that pumped the water out of coalmines allowing deeper to a greater extent productive mines to be worked by more people. This in turn had effects on the production of ironIn the early 1700s iron was produced by burning vast quantities of wood. The production techniques were crude. Technology had already provided machines exchangeable the newcommen engine this pumping device allowed ABRAHAM DARBY II to fill a millpond to power a water wheel for a blast furnace. This enab conduct the production of better quality copper color iron. This technique provided the iron for the adult maleufacture of one of the major symbols of the industrial revolution the Ironbridge over the river seven. * SEE DIA 3.A water wheel also played a major part in one of the first inventions within the textile industry. RICHARD ARKWRIGHT invented the water frame for spinning (1769) this device was used by local man JEDEDIAH STRUTT in a mill at Cromford. The changes within the textile industry from wool to cotton called for more and more mechanisation. The mechanisation of the industry also led the setting up of the first factories some of the first major mechanical devices were to be used in these factories. Such as JOH... ...820 employers organisations registered, they mainly dealt with wage bargain and labour questioning in general. A forum was created for the exchange of technical ideas and development. Pressure groups encouraged favourable legislation.In todays industry, employers organisations fall into two categories1. Those concerned with the common interest of a particular trade or technology. The engineering employers federation in London co-ordinates the engineering employers familiarity, this operates at local train and is largely concerned with wage bar gaining and representing engineering employers interests locally and nationally.2. General groups of employers, for example, the confederation of British industry, this balances the role of the TUC this also acts as a pressure group encouraging favourable government response to the requirements of British industry at home and abroad.There are also technical development associations, providing a forum for technical exchange, carrying out fundamental research on behalf of their member companies, one of these being the copper development association (C.D.A.). and the motor industry research association (M.I.R.A.).